Interface Lab
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Visual Foundations

Whitespace as Structure

Whitespace is not emptiness; it creates separation, breathing room, and attention paths.

Design Principle

Effective whitespace reduces reliance on borders, dividers, and decoration while clarifying section relationships.

Principle

Effective whitespace reduces reliance on borders, dividers, and decoration while clarifying section relationships.

Design action

Make section spacing larger than card padding; keep text line length comfortable and leave visible whitespace around primary objects.

Examples

Positive example: Content sections need clear layering. Counterexample: Content is stacked edge to edge.

Apply when

Content sections need clear layering. Pages contain long reading flows or complex settings.

Source notes

Source note: Synthesized from Apple HIG, Material Design, NN/g usability principles, and layout/hierarchy practices in mature design systems. Apple HIG Layout: https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/layout Material Design Layout: https://m3.material.io/foundations/layout/applying-layout NN/g Visual Design Principles: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/principles-visual-design/

Agent Directive

Make section spacing larger than card padding; keep text line length comfortable and leave visible whitespace around primary objects.